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The Strategy Engine

The Strategy Engine - A world-class guide to business models, unit economics, competitive moats, and strategic acumen

A World-Class Guide to Business Models, Unit Economics, Competitive Moats & Strategic Acumen


Why This Guide Exists

Every year, thousands of businesses fail not because their products are bad, but because their strategy is flawed. They build before understanding unit economics. They scale before establishing moats. They compete before grasping competitive dynamics.

This guide exists to fix that.

The Strategy Engine is a comprehensive, practitioner-focused resource that bridges the gap between academic strategy frameworks and real-world business building. Whether you're a founder, executive, investor, or strategist, this guide provides the mental models, quantitative tools, and case study evidence to make better strategic decisions.


What Makes This Guide Different

Evidence-Based, Not Opinion-Based

Every concept is backed by real case studies. 112 in-depth examples (56 Indian, 56 Global) demonstrate how strategy plays out in practice---including both successes and failures.

Quantitative Rigor

15 quantitative models with step-by-step calculations. From unit economics to market sizing to moat strength assessment, you'll learn to put numbers behind strategic intuition.

Indian Context, Global Perspective

While the frameworks are universal, special attention is paid to the Indian business context---regulatory environment, market dynamics, and models that work uniquely in India.

Practitioner Focus

This isn't theory for theory's sake. Each chapter ends with action items, decision frameworks, and specific questions to apply to your business.


What You'll Learn

Strategic Thinking Fundamentals

  • What strategy actually is (and isn't)
  • First principles thinking for strategic analysis
  • Critical evaluation of popular frameworks
  • Developing strategic intuition

Understanding Markets & Competition

  • Market analysis and opportunity sizing
  • Deep customer understanding
  • Competitive analysis that works
  • Revenue model design

Business Model Design

  • SaaS & subscription models
  • Marketplace & platform economics
  • Zero-margin and adjacent monetization
  • Fintech, e-commerce, and D2C models

Competitive Strategy

  • Sources of competitive advantage
  • Building and defending economic moats
  • Disruption theory and response
  • Winner-take-all dynamics

Growth & Scaling

  • Growth strategy frameworks
  • Scaling operations and organization
  • Strategic positioning
  • Geographic expansion

Business Acumen

  • Financial literacy for strategists
  • Unit economics mastery
  • Pricing strategy
  • Decision-making under uncertainty

Strategy Execution

  • Bridging strategy and execution
  • Organizational design
  • Pivots and turnarounds

Indian Business Context

  • Strategy in the Indian market
  • India-only business models
  • Ethical design and dark patterns

By the Numbers

Metric Value
Chapters 33
Case Studies 112 (56 Indian, 56 Global)
Quantitative Models 15
Appendices 8
Glossary Terms 300+
Strategy Frameworks 20+

Foundational Strategy Frameworks Covered

This guide provides comprehensive treatment of the strategy frameworks taught at top business schools and used by leading strategy consulting firms. Master these frameworks, and you'll have covered 95% of foundational strategy curriculum as taught in 2025.

Core Strategic Analysis

Framework Creator/Origin Chapter
Porter's Five Forces Michael Porter (1979) Ch 3, Ch 15
Porter's Value Chain Michael Porter (1985) Ch 3
Porter's Generic Strategies Michael Porter (1980) Ch 15, Ch 22
SWOT Analysis Various (1960s) Ch 3, App A
VRIO Framework Jay Barney (1995) Ch 3, Ch 15

Competitive Advantage & Moats

Framework Creator/Origin Chapter
Seven Powers Hamilton Helmer (2016) Ch 15, Ch 16
Core Competence Prahalad & Hamel (1990) Ch 15
Dynamic Capabilities Teece et al. (1996) Ch 15
Disruptive Innovation Clayton Christensen (1997) Ch 17

Growth & Portfolio Strategy

Framework Creator/Origin Chapter
Ansoff Matrix Igor Ansoff (1965) Ch 20
Three Horizons of Growth McKinsey/Baghai (1999) Ch 20
BCG Growth-Share Matrix BCG/Henderson (1970) Ch 20
Experience Curve BCG (1960s) Ch 20
Flywheel Effect Jim Collins (2001) Ch 20

Strategy Formulation & Positioning

Framework Creator/Origin Chapter
Playing to Win Lafley & Martin (2013) Ch 22
Blue Ocean Strategy Kim & Mauborgne (2004) Ch 22
Hedgehog Concept Jim Collins (2001) Ch 22
Jobs-to-be-Done Christensen et al. (2008) Ch 6

Organizational & Execution

Framework Creator/Origin Chapter
McKinsey 7-S Framework Peters & Waterman (1982) Ch 29
Balanced Scorecard Kaplan & Norton (1992) Ch 28
Business Model Canvas Osterwalder (2005) App A, App B

Your Strategic Foundation

If you master these 20 frameworks—understanding not just how they work but when they fail and how to adapt them—you'll possess the strategic toolkit used by McKinsey, BCG, Bain, and top MBA programs worldwide. This guide goes further: every framework includes Indian case studies, quantitative applications, and explicit limitations that textbooks often omit.


Your Reading Path

This guide is designed to meet you where you are. Choose your path below---each chapter builds the specific capabilities you need most.

Your mission: Build on solid strategic foundations before you scale into a wall.

Start here and follow this sequence:

  1. Chapter 1: What Strategy Actually Is Most "strategies" aren't strategies at all. Learn the difference between goals, plans, and actual strategy---and why that distinction will save your company.

  2. Chapter 2: First Principles Thinking Stop copying competitors. Learn to reason from fundamentals so you can see opportunities others miss and avoid the "best practices" trap.

  3. Chapter 5: Market Analysis and Opportunity Assessment Size your market with rigor. Top-down, bottom-up, and value-theory approaches---so you know if you're chasing a real opportunity or a mirage.

  4. Chapter 6: Customer Understanding for Strategy Go beyond personas. Learn the jobs-to-be-done framework and discover what customers actually hire your product to do.

  5. Chapter 8: Revenue Models and Monetization Strategy Choose your revenue model deliberately. Understand the trade-offs between transactional, subscription, freemium, and marketplace models.

  6. Chapters 9-14: Business Model Deep Dives Master the economics of SaaS, marketplaces, fintech, D2C, and zero-margin models. Learn what makes each work---and what kills them.

  7. Chapter 25: Unit Economics Mastery The numbers that determine your fate. LTV, CAC, contribution margin, payback periods---calculated correctly, not the vanity version.

Founder's Reality Check

If your unit economics don't work at scale, growth just accelerates your death. Chapter 25 is non-negotiable.

Your mission: Move beyond framework theater to strategies that actually create competitive advantage.

Your path focuses on competitive dynamics and execution:

  1. Chapter 1: What Strategy Actually Is Rumelt's distinction between good and bad strategy. Learn to spot---and avoid---the strategic fluff that plagues corporate planning.

  2. Chapter 3: Strategic Analysis Frameworks Porter's Five Forces, SWOT, VRIO---when each works, when each fails, and how to actually make them useful instead of performative.

  3. Chapter 4: Developing Strategic Intuition Bridge analysis and action. Learn pattern recognition across industries and develop the judgment that frameworks alone can't provide.

  4. Chapter 15: Sources of Competitive Advantage What actually creates sustainable advantage? Spoiler: it's not what most strategy decks claim.

  5. Chapter 16: Building and Defending Economic Moats Network effects, switching costs, scale economies, intangible assets. Learn to build moats deliberately and defend them ruthlessly.

  6. Chapter 17: Disruption Theory and Response When to worry about disruptors and when to ignore them. How incumbents can respond---and why most responses fail.

  7. Chapter 19: Competitive Dynamics and Game Theory Anticipate competitor moves. Understand when to compete, when to cooperate, and how to shape the competitive game itself.

  8. Chapter 28: From Strategy to Execution The graveyard of strategy is filled with brilliant plans and poor execution. Bridge the gap.

  9. Chapter 29: Organizational Design for Strategy Structure follows strategy. Learn to design organizations that enable strategic execution rather than undermine it.

Strategist's Trap

Frameworks feel like progress. They're not. Chapter 4 on strategic intuition is where real capability is built.

Your mission: Evaluate businesses with rigor. Separate temporary advantage from durable moats.

Your analytical toolkit:

  1. Chapter 3: Strategic Analysis Frameworks Master the tools---Five Forces, value chain analysis, VRIO---and more importantly, know their limitations.

  2. Chapter 5: Market Analysis and Opportunity Assessment TAM/SAM/SOM done right. Learn to size markets accurately and spot when management is selling dreams instead of reality.

  3. Chapter 7: Competitive Analysis That Actually Works Go beyond surface comparisons. Understand competitive positioning, strategic groups, and where real differentiation exists.

  4. Chapter 15: Sources of Competitive Advantage Identify what creates durable advantage. Learn to distinguish structural advantages from temporary market positions.

  5. Chapter 16: Building and Defending Economic Moats The Buffett framework, operationalized. Assess moat strength quantitatively and understand moat erosion dynamics.

  6. Chapter 18: Winner-Take-All Markets Identify WTA dynamics early. Understand power laws, network effects, and why market share concentration happens.

  7. Chapter 24: Financial Acumen for Strategic Decisions Connect strategy to financials. ROIC, capital allocation, value creation metrics that reveal strategic quality.

  8. Chapter 25: Unit Economics Mastery See through the narrative. Calculate real unit economics, spot manipulation, and understand path to profitability.

Investor's Edge

Most investors evaluate management. Great investors evaluate moats. Chapter 16 is your competitive advantage.

Your mission: Master strategy in one of the world's most complex and rewarding markets.

India-specific strategic knowledge:

  1. Chapter 1: What Strategy Actually Is Strategic foundations are universal. Start here before adapting to Indian context.

  2. Chapter 11: Zero-Margin Service Layer Models The playbook that built Indian tech giants. Understand how Jio, Zerodha, and others won by giving away the core product.

  3. Chapter 12: Fintech & Payments Models UPI changed everything. Learn the economics of India's fintech revolution and where value accrues in the stack.

  4. Chapter 31: Strategy in the Indian Context Regulatory navigation, distribution challenges, formalization opportunities, and the unique dynamics of Indian markets.

  5. Chapter 32: India-Only Business Models That Scaled Jio's distribution model, UPI flywheel economics, social commerce for Bharat, EdTech for the masses. Models that work only here.

  6. Chapter 23: Geographic Expansion Strategy India isn't one market---it's dozens. Learn tier ⅔/4 expansion, regional strategies, and Bharat vs. India dynamics.

  7. Chapter 6: Customer Understanding for Strategy Indian consumers are unique. Understand the value-consciousness, trust dynamics, and purchase behaviors that define this market.

India Advantage

The models in Chapters 31-32 have created more wealth in India than any imported playbook. Study them deeply.

Your mission: Build products that create strategic advantage, not just features that ship.

Strategic product thinking:

  1. Chapter 6: Customer Understanding for Strategy Jobs-to-be-done, customer journey mapping, and understanding what customers actually value---not what they say they want.

  2. Chapter 8: Revenue Models and Monetization Strategy Product and business model are inseparable. Understand how monetization choices shape product decisions.

  3. Chapter 10: Marketplace & Platform Business Models Platform thinking for product leaders. Network effects, chicken-and-egg problems, and building multi-sided products.

  4. Chapter 22: Strategic Positioning and Differentiation Position your product in customers' minds. Create differentiation that matters and avoid feature parity traps.

  5. Chapter 26: Pricing Strategy and Value Capture Pricing is a product decision. Learn value-based pricing, psychological pricing, and how to capture the value you create.

  6. Chapter 14: Business Model Innovation and Transformation When and how to evolve your business model. Recognize transformation signals and manage model transitions.

  7. Chapter 33: Dark Patterns & Ethical Business Design The economics of ethical design. Why dark patterns destroy long-term value and what alternatives actually work better.

Product Truth

Features are copied in months. Strategic positioning lasts years. Chapter 22 is your moat.


Key Principles

  1. Strategy is about choices. Good strategy requires saying no to good opportunities to focus on great ones.

  2. Unit economics don't lie. Every business model must eventually generate positive unit economics. Understanding when and how is the strategist's job.

  3. Moats compound; advantages erode. Building sustainable competitive advantage requires deliberate investment over time.

  4. Context matters enormously. What works in one market, stage, or competitive situation may fail in another.

  5. Execution is strategy in motion. The best strategy is worthless without disciplined execution.


About This Project

The Strategy Engine is an open resource created to democratize access to world-class strategic thinking. It draws on academic research, practitioner wisdom, and extensive case study analysis to create a comprehensive reference for business builders.

Author: Niraj Kumar


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Help Make This Guide Better

This guide is a living document, and I'd love your help to make it even better.

Found an error? Have a suggestion? Know a case study that should be included? Disagree with an analysis? I want to hear from you.

The best resources are built by communities, not individuals. Your perspective---whether you're a founder in Bangalore, an analyst in Mumbai, or a strategist anywhere in the world---can make this guide more useful for everyone.

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Ready to Begin?

Start with Chapter 1: What Strategy Actually Is to build your strategic foundation, or explore the Table of Contents for the complete guide structure.